Pre-School and Elementary School
•Early reader tiered texts
•Singing and acting
•Free play embedded in learning (Markova, 2017)
•Vocabulary embedded in stories (Albaladejo Albaladejo et al., 2018)
•Exploratory talk and reasoning (Mercer et al., 1999)
Middle School
•Concurrent development of content/language (Yoon, 2021)
•Instructional conversations (Saunders & Goldenberg, 1999)
•Sensitivity to peer dynamics (Townsend, 2009)
•Increased agency to promote growth (Braden et al., 2016)
•Curriculum-focused trade/comic books (Tretter et al., 2019)
•Linguistically supportive content models (Reeves, 2006)
•Cooperative learning (Flores & Smith, 2013)
•Functional vocabulary (Tretter et al., 2019)
•Structured academic talk (Abbot & Hastings, 2012)
High School
•Support for college prep and Advanced Placement (Abbot & Hastings, 2012; Graefe & Ritchotte, 2019)
•Structured note-taking (e.g., Cornell notes)
•Gradual shift to English (Flores & Smith, 2013)